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Is It True That Parenting Has No Influence on Children's Adult Personalities?
A Review of The Nurture Assumption by Judith Rich Harris
by Milton Spett
The Nurture Assumption by Judith Rich Harris (1998, New York: The Free Press) is about the transmission of language, culture, and personality from one generation to the next, but my review will be limited to the transmission of personality. Harris's four main points are:
1. Half of adult
personality is determined by heredity.
2. The other half of adult personality is determined by the
child's peer group.
3. The percent of adult personality determined by parenting is
zero, zilch, none, nada.
4. Behavior that develops within the family, remains within the
family; it does not generalize to non-family relationships.
Half of
adult personality is determined by heredity.
Here Harris is on firm scientific grounds. She cites
behavioral genetic research to support this point, explaining
that some of the effects of heredity are the direct expression of
our genes, and the rest is indirect: people treat us in certain
ways due to our genetic endowment. Cute babies receive more
attention and affection than babies who are cuteness-challenged.
The percent
of adult personality determined by parenting is zero.
Harris is so insistent about this point that one gets
the impression she would have made the percent even lower if that
were mathematically possible. Harris correctly rejects most of
the personality development research because it confounds
heredity with parenting. If parents who behave a certain way have
children who behave a certain way, this does not mean that the
parental behavior was the cause of the child's behavior. For
example, if strict parents have rebellious children, this does
not mean that parental strictness caused the children to rebel.
It could be that rebellious children cause their parents to
become stricter. Or a third factor, such as heredity, could have
caused both the parental strictness and the children's rebellion.
In order to study parental behavior as the cause of children's adult personality, researchers must separate heredity from parenting. This can be accomplished by studying identical twins who were adopted and reared in different families. And these studies support Harris's view: identical twins reared together are no more similar than identical twins reared apart. In addition, adopted siblings reared in the same family are no more alike than adopted siblings reared separately. Finally, researchers have failed to find any parenting variable that is consistently associated with any aspect of the child's adult personality.
Failing to
find significance does not prove the null hypothesis.
Just because researchers have not yet found any causal
relationship between parenting and children's adult personality,
does not mean that none exists. It is quite possible that the
relationship is just too complex to be detected by the typical
research design. Research studies tend to look for one parenting
variable that is causally related to one personality variable.
But clinicians have long assumed that a parenting variable, such
as strict parenting, can have different effects on different
children. Strict parenting may have no effect on some children,
while causing others to become either rebellious or compliant. If
this is true, strict parents will have children who are either
rebellious or compliant or neither, and if we measured average
compliance among the children of strict parents, we would find no
difference between them and the children of lenient parents.
Harris does consider this possibility, but dismisses it as "unpredictable"
and therefore useless. This type of complex causal relationship
may be unpredictable at present, but perhaps we just do not
understand the mediating variables which determine whether strict
parenting will lead to rebellious children, compliant children,
or neither. Or perhaps there are five mediating variables whose
interaction determines the relationship between strict parenting
and the child's adult personality. Our current research designs
are just not complex enough to detect five-way interactions.
The other
half of adult personality is determined by the child's peer group.
Harris calls her theory "group socialization theory."
Her view is that as children grow up, they socialize themselves,
largely in order to conform to their peer group, but somewhat to
maintain their individual role within the peer group. Harris
briefly mentions, but does not emphasize, the fact that children
gravitate toward certain peer groups and away from others. If a
child becomes part of the academic group at his or her school
instead of the athletic or the drug group, this could be due to
either heredity or parental influence. So we do not know to what
extent peer group membership is a cause of personality
characteristics rather than a result of heredity or parental
influence. Harris presents a great deal of anecdotal evidence
that language and culture are transmitted to the child from the
child's peer group, but the amount of research she cites
supporting her theory is zero, zilch, none, nada.
Implications
for psychodynamic theory.
Psychodynamic therapists have long assumed that an
individual's personality structure is largely determined by that
individual's childhood relationship with his or her parents,
especially the mother. Many psychodynamic theorists have become
rich and famous by attributing adult personality to toilet
training, mother-infant bonding, infant-parent attachment, good
enough mothering, parental empathy, separation-individuation, etc.
Virtually all psychodynamic therapists accept the "blame the
mother" view of adult neurosis, and the general public has
enthusiastically embraced this concept. Harris convincingly
rejects the research purporting to demonstrate the effects of
parenting on adult personality, but I doubt that her analysis
will cause any psychodynamic clinicians to modify or even re-evaluate
their views.
Implications
for clinical practice.
From a clinical perspective, it really doesn't matter if
parenting causes adult neurosis. If this belief helps the patient
feel less guilty, no harm is done. If this type of explanation
helps patients feel that their lives make sense, this is all to
the good. Many patients have a deeply ingrained belief that their
neurosis was caused by their parents. There is little value in
challenging this belief so long as we tell our patients "Your
parents may be responsible for causing your problems, but you are
responsible for resolving them."
What
parents can do.
Harris maintains that the following endeavors will have
no effect on your child's adult personality: letting your baby
cry, not letting your baby cry, sleeping with your baby, not
sleeping with your baby, reading to your child, building up your
child's self-esteem, not even spending "quality" time
with your child. Although Harris argues that parents have no
influence over their child's personality, language, or culture,
she suggests that there are two steps parents can take to help
their children. First of all, parents can live in a neighborhood
and have their child attend a school where the peer group will be
a constructive rather than a destructive influence. Secondly,
parents can have a good relationship with their children. Harris
is a strict believer in what Walter Mischel called "situation
specific behavior." That is, people behave differently in
different situations. Having a good relationship with your
children may not affect their personality, or increase their self-esteem,
or improve their relationships with anyone else, but at least one
part of their lives will turn out well: their relationship with
you.
Summary and
conclusions.
Harris reviews the behavioral genetic research
indicating that about half of adult personality is determined by
heredity. But what about the other half? Her major contribution
is her demonstration that there is no research support for any
theory suggesting that any type of parenting is a cause of any
aspect of the child's adult personality. Her second contribution
is her theory that the child's peer group, particularly those
peers a little older and a little higher in status, determine the
other half of the child's adult personality. However, there is no
more scientific evidence for Harris's theory than there is for
the theory that parenting is the critical determinant of adult
personality. We just do not know what determines the other half
of adult personality. It could be parental influence, or peer
influence, or an interaction between parental influence and peer
influence, or an interaction between parental influence and
heredity, or an interaction between peer influence and heredity,
or a three-way interaction, or, more likely, all of the above.
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